I encountered this error whiling install the PyPy port of Numpy on Ubuntu 16.04. Here is how to solve it.
The command line I used was:
1 | $ pip install git+https://bitbucket.org/pypy/numpy.git
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The error message was like this:
1 2 3 | # a bunch of tracebacks
# then this line
SystemError: Cannot compile 'Python.h'. Perhaps you need to install python-dev|python-devel.
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The solution is actually to install the pypy-dev package instead of the python-dev package suggested by the error message.
1 2 | $ sudo apt-get intall pypy-dev
$ pip install git+https://bitbucket.org/pypy/numpy.git
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Thanks to http://askubuntu.com/a/612016/219398.